Both prong and choke chain collars are generally made of metal chain material which tightens around a dog’s neck when the handler pulls or jerks back on the leash.
The choke chain is designed to control by tightening around your dogs neck. There is no way to control how much a choke chain can tighten, so it is possible to choke or strangle your dog with this kind of collar. It is also easy to cause injuries to the trachea, esophagus, the blood vessels around the eyes, neck sprains, nerve damage, fainting, and temporary paralysis.
Prong collars function similarly to choke collars, except they contain metal spikes on the inside that dig into and ‘pinch’ a dog’s neck if he pulls on the leash. However, the martingale controls how much tightening the collar can do, which reduces the chance for accidental injuries.